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Not for the faint of art. |
Complex Numbers A complex number is expressed in the standard form a + bi, where a and b are real numbers and i is defined by i^2 = -1 (that is, i is the square root of -1). For example, 3 + 2i is a complex number. The bi term is often referred to as an imaginary number (though this may be misleading, as it is no more "imaginary" than the symbolic abstractions we know as the "real" numbers). Thus, every complex number has a real part, a, and an imaginary part, bi. Complex numbers are often represented on a graph known as the "complex plane," where the horizontal axis represents the infinity of real numbers, and the vertical axis represents the infinity of imaginary numbers. Thus, each complex number has a unique representation on the complex plane: some closer to real; others, more imaginary. If a = b, the number is equal parts real and imaginary. Very simple transformations applied to numbers in the complex plane can lead to fractal structures of enormous intricacy and astonishing beauty. |
I'm made of energy? Then why is it so hard to wake up in the morning? From Big Think: You’re made of energy: The strange truth about where mass comes from ![]() “A person’s mass is made not of ‘stuff’ in the way we normally think about it, but rather our mass is made of energy.” "Mass is made of energy" shouldn't be such a new concept for anyone with passing knowledge of science. The equation, from Einstein. describing the relationship between mass and energy isn't exactly obscure or complicated. But it does get a bit weird and, of course, common-sense-defying, because common sense is usually wrong. If I asked you where your mass comes from, your answer might involve an extra muffin or two. Oh, I'm way beyond that point. However, if I ask a science enthusiast the same question, I would expect to hear that the real origin of mass is from a physical phenomenon called the Higgs field. Which opens the question of where the Higgs field comes from, but okay, yes, I've heard that. While that claim is often seen in popular science stories, it turns out not to be true at all. Indeed, the Higgs field contributes very little to the mass of the Universe. The reality is far more interesting. Reality usually is. Except when it's not. The Higgs field was a theory devised in the 1960s as a kind of Band-Aid to save another theory that was popular at the time. Physicists had devised a theory that two of the known quantum forces – electromagnetism and the weak nuclear force – were actually two manifestations of a single underlying force: the electroweak force. (Electromagnetism is responsible for electricity, magnetism, light, and much of chemistry, while the weak nuclear force is responsible for certain forms of radiation.) And there it is again: punting the description of the weak nuclear force. I know I've said before that I've looked into it more closely, and it's way above my pay grade. There was a problem with this new and unified force — it predicted that all subatomic particles have zero mass. Which would, in turn, mean that nothing has mass, because everything is made up of subatomic particles (by "thing" here, I mean something made of matter). This is obviously and demonstrably false, much like Zeno's paradox can be refuted by walking out of the room. This Higgs field theory predicted the existence of a particle called the Higgs boson – often called “The God Particle” by some science reporters. Yeah, and they ought to have known better. If you add up all of the mass of all the quarks in our 200-pound person, you find that the quarks weigh about 4 pounds. I'm going to give this article a pass on conflating "mass" with "weight." This time. I think it conveys the right general idea. It turns out that inside each proton and neutron, the quarks are moving at very high speeds; indeed, these speeds can approach the speed of light. Kind of mind-blowing, yes? Protons and neutrons are very tiny balls, about a quadrillionth of a meter across. I'll give the "balls" thing a pass, too. If protons are composed of outrageously fast quarks held inside that tiny volume, there must be equally outrageously strong forces holding them together. Strong forces can also mean high energy... As I understand things (and I probably really don't), a "force" is carried by a massless particle, making this also counterintuitive. In fact, all matter is made of energy. In a (very loosely true) way, the pseudoscientific woo-woo crowd is right: We are all energy. Yeah, in a sense, they may be right about this one thing. Even a blind squirrel finds the occasional nut, as they say. Obviously, there's a lot more at the link, and you're not going to get the full gist of it by reading my few quotes. It's not very long, though. But what does it mean? Hell if I know. Meaning is the job of philosophers. |