PHONETICS DEFINITIONS

DEFINITIONS OF DIFFERENT TERMS:-
1-Allophone:
According to PETER ROACH:-
âDifferent realisations of phonemes are called allophonesâ. FOR EXAMPLE Realisation of â tâ i n âteaâ is aspirated,and in word âeatâ the realisation of t is unaspirated.
According to JACK C.R RICHARDS
âDifferent variants of phoneme are called allophonesâ. FOR EXAMPLE
English phoneme /p/ is aspirated (see ASPIRATION) when it occurs at the
beginning of a syllable (as in pot) but unaspirated when it is preceded by
/s/ (as in spot) and may be unreleased when it occurs at the end of an
utterance (as in âheâs not her typeâ).
2-Morphology:
According to Peter Roach:-
âThe way the words are constructedâFor Example english word tasteless is formed from taste.
According to Jack C.R Richards:-
âThe study of MORPHEMEs and their different forms (ALLOMORPHs), and
the way they combine in WORD FORMATION.â FOR EXAMPLE the English
word unfriendly is formed from friend, the adjective-forming suffix -lyand the negative prefix un-.
3-Phonetics:
According to Peter Roach:-
âTheory about speech soundâ FOR EXAMPLE Differences in sound quality, e.g. between the âclearâ /I/ of [laât]
light and the âdarkâ /I/ of [hâÅ] hill.
According to Jack C.R Richards:-
âThe study of speech sounds.ââ For example, a listener may perceive:
a differences ASPIRATION e.g. between the aspirated /p/ of [pâ ât] pit and the
unaspirated /p/ of [tâp] tip.
4-Phonology:
According to Peter Roach:-
â How phoneme functions in language and the relationships among the different phonemesâ
According to Jack C.R Richards:-
The study of word-to-word relations in sentences; that is, how sound
patterns are affected by the combination of words. For example, /gâv/
give and /hâm/ him may combine to /gâvâm/ give him.
5-Phoneme:
According to Peter Roach:-
âSmall number of regularly used sounds(vowels and consonants) is called phonemes.â For examples The vowels in the words pin and pen are different phonemes. So as consonants at beggings of word pet and bet
According to Jack C.R Richards:-
âThe smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two words.
For example:
a in English, the words pan and ban differ only in their initial sound:
pan begins with /p/ and ban with /b/
6- Pragmatics:
According to Jack C.R Richards:-
âThe study of the use of language in communication, particularly the
relationships between sentences and the contexts and situations in which
they are used.â
7-Syntax:
According to Richards:-
âSyntax concerns the ways in which words
combine to form sentences and the rules which govern the formation of sentences, making some sentences possible and others not possible within
a particular languageâ
According to Edward J. Vajda:-
âsyntax deals with phrase and sentence formation out of words.â
8-Semantics:
According to Richards:-
âThe study of MEANING. There are many different approaches to the way in
which meaning in language is studied. Linguists have investigated, For
example, the way in which meaning in a language is structured
9-Segmental Phonology:
According to Richards:-
âThe study of features of
vowels and consonants of a languageâ
10-Vowels:
According to Peter Roach:-
âVowels are sounds in which there is no obstruction to the flow of air as it passes from the larynx to yhe lips. FOR Example Doctor who wants to look at the back of patientâs mouth often asks them to say ah making this vowel sound is the best way of presenting an unobstruction view
According to Richards:-
âA speech sound produced without significant constriction of the air flowing
through the mouth.â For Example vowel e in [ten]
11- Consonants:
According to Peter Roach:-
âConsonants are sounds in which there is an obstruction to flow of air as it passes from larynx to lips For Example [s] [d] [k]
According to Richards:-
âA speech sound where the airstream from the lungs is either completely
blocked (STOP), partially blocked (LATERAL) or where the opening is so
narrow that the air escapes with audible friction (FRICATIVE). With some
consonants (NASALS) the airstream is blocked in the mouth but allowed to
escape through the nose. For Example v, ,j, w,m

12-Non segmental phonology:

According to Peter Roach:-
âSounds contrasts that extend over several segments(phonemes) For Example âMany significant sound contrasts are not result of differences between phonemes e.g stress is important:when the word âimportâ is pronounced with the first ayllable sounding stronger than the second.